Fluid Dynamics and Flow Measurements

 Question 1
The ratio of the momentum correction factor to the energy correction factor for a laminar flow in a pipe is
 A $\frac{1}{2}$ B $\frac{2}{3}$ C 1 D $\frac{3}{2}$
GATE CE 2021 SET-2   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 1 Explanation:
For laminar flow through pipe.
$\frac{\text { Momentum correction factor }}{\text { Kinetic energy correction factor }}=\frac{4 / 3}{2}=\frac{4}{6}=\frac{2}{3}$
 Question 2
Two water reservoirs are connected by a siphon (running full) of total length 5000 m and diameter of 0.10m, as shown below

The inlet leg length of the siphon to its summit is 2000m. The difference in the water surface levels of the two reservoirs is 5 m. Assume the permissible minimum absolute pressure at the summit of siphon to be 2.5 m of water when running full. Given:
friction factor f=0.02 throughout,
atmospheric pressure= 10.3 m of water, and
acceleration due to gravity g= 9.81 $m/s^2$.

Considering only major loss using Darcy-Weisbach equation, the maximum height of the summit of siphon from the water level of upper reservoir,h (in m, round off to 1 decimal place)is _____
 A 2.8 B 6.9 C 7.8 D 5.8
GATE CE 2019 SET-1   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 2 Explanation:

Applying Bernoulli's equation between 1 & 3
\begin{aligned} \frac{P_1}{\rho g}+\frac{v_1^2}{2g}+z_1&= \frac{P_3}{\rho g}+\frac{v_3^2}{2g}+z_3+h_{f13}\\ z_1-z_3&=h_{f13}\;\;\;(\because \; P_1=P_3=P_{atm}\; and \; v_1=v_3=0) \\ 5&=\frac{fLv^2}{2gd} \\ v^2&=\frac{5 \times 2\times 9.81\times 0.1}{0.02\times 5000} \\ v&=0.313m/s \end{aligned}
Applying Bernoulli's equation between 1 & 2
\begin{aligned} \frac{P_1}{\rho g}+\frac{v_1^2}{2g}+z_1&= \frac{P_2}{\rho g}+\frac{v_2^2}{2g}+z_2+h_{f12}\\ 10.3+0+0&=2.5+\frac{0.313^2}{2 \times 9.81}+h+\frac{0.02 \times 2000 \times 0.313^2}{2 \times 9.81 \times 0.1}\\ h&=5.798m \end{aligned}
 Question 3
Water flows through a 90$^{\circ}$ bend in a horizontal plane as depicted in the figure.

A pressure of 140 kPa is measured at section 1-1. The inlet diameter marked at section 1-1 is $\frac{27}{\sqrt{\pi }}cm$, while the nozzle diameter marked at section 2-2 is $\frac{14}{\sqrt{\pi }}cm$. Assume the following:

(i) Acceleration due to gravity = 10 $m/s^{2}$
(ii) Weights of both the bent pipe segment as well as water are negligible.
(iii) Friction across the bend is negligible.

The magnitude of the force (in kN, up to two decimal places) that would be required to hold the pipe section is ______
 A 1.85 B 2.6 C 4.45 D 6.58
GATE CE 2017 SET-1   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 3 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} P_{1} A_{1} &=F_{x} \\ F_{x} &=\left(140 \times 10^{3}\right)\left[\frac{\pi}{4}\left(\frac{0.27}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)^{2}\right] \\ &=2551.5 \mathrm{N}\\ F_{y} &=P_{2} A_{2} \\ &=\left(1.013 \times 10^{5}\right)\left[\frac{\pi}{4}\left(\frac{0.14}{\sqrt{\pi}}\right)^{2}\right] \\ &=49637 \mathrm{N} \\ \text { Resultant force } &=\sqrt{F_{x}^{2}+F_{y}^{2}} \\ &=\sqrt{(2551.5)^{2}+(49637)^{2}} \\ &=259933 \mathrm{N} \\ &=2.60 \mathrm{kN} \end{aligned}
 Question 4
A venturimeter having a throat diameter of 0.1 m is used to estimate the flow rate of a horizontal pipe having a diameter of 0.2 m. For an observed pressure difference of 2 m of water head and coefficient of discharge equal to unity, assuming that the energy losses are negligible, the flow rate (in $m^3$/s) through the pipe is approximately equal to
 A 0.5 B 0.15 C 0.05 D 0.015
GATE CE 2014 SET-2   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 4 Explanation:
Diameter of throat,
$d=0.1 \mathrm{m}$
Diameter of pipe,
$D=0.2 \mathrm{m}$
Pressure difference,
$\frac{P_{1}-P_{2}}{w}=2 m=h$

Coefficient of discharge
$C_{D}=1$
Discharge,
\begin{aligned} Q&=\frac{C_{D} A_{1} A_{2} \sqrt{2 g h}}{\sqrt{A_{1}^{2}-A_{2}^{2}}}\\ A_{1} &=\frac{\pi}{4}(0.2)^{2} \\ \text { and } A_{2} &=\frac{\pi}{4}(0.1)^{2} \\ \Rightarrow \quad Q &=\frac{1 \times\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^{2} \times(0.2)^{2}(0.1)^{2} \sqrt{2 \times 9.81 \times 2}}{\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) \sqrt{(0.2)^{4}-(0.1)^{4}}} \\ &=0.0508=0.050 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{sec} \end{aligned}
 Question 5
Group I lists a few devices while Group II provides information about their uses. Match the devices with their corresponding use.
 A P-1; Q-2; R-3; S-4 B P-2; Q-1; R-4; S-3 C P-4; Q-2; R-1; S-3 D P-4; Q-3; R-2; S-1
GATE CE 2014 SET-2   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
 Question 6
A venturimeter, having a diameter of 7.5 cm at the throat and 15 cm at the enlarged end, is installed in a horizontal pipeline of 15 cm diameter. The pipe carries an incompressible fluid at a steady rate of 30 litres per second. The difference of pressure head measured in terms of the moving fluid in between the enlarged and the throat of the venturimeter is observed to be 2.45 m. Taking the acceleration due to gravity as 9.81 $m/s^{2}$, the coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter (correct up to two places of decimal) is___
 A 0.24 B 0.68 C 0.82 D 0.95
GATE CE 2014 SET-1   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 6 Explanation:

\begin{aligned} Q &=30 \; l / \mathrm{s} \\ \left(\frac{P_{1}}{w}+Z_{1}\right)&-\left(\frac{P_{2}}{w}+Z_{2}\right) =2.45 \mathrm{m}=h \\ g&=9.81 \\ Q&=C_{d} \frac{A_{1} A_{2}}{\sqrt{A_{1}^{2}-A_{2}^{2}}} \sqrt{2 g h} \\ C_{d} &=\frac{Q_{1} A_{2}}{\sqrt{A_{1}^{2}-A_{2}^{2}} \sqrt{2 g h}}\\ &= \frac{30 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}}{\frac{\frac{\pi}{4}(0.15)^{2} \times(0.075)^{2} }{\sqrt{(0.15)^{2}-(0.075)^{2}}}\times \sqrt{2 \times 9.81 \times 2.45}} \\ C_{\mathrm{d}}&=0.95 \end{aligned}
 Question 7
Group I gives a list of devices and Group II gives the list of uses

The correct match of Group I with Group II is
 A P-1, Q-2, R-4, S-3 B P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4 C P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3 D P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-2
GATE CE 2010   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
 Question 8
At two point 1 and 2 in a pipeline the velocities are V and 2V, respectively. Both the points are at the same elevation. The fluid density is $\rho$. The flow can be assumed to be incompressible, inviscid, steady and irrotational. The difference in pressures $P_{1}$ and $P_{2}$ at point 1 and 2 is
 A 0.5$\rho V^{2}$ B 1.5$\rho V^{2}$ C 2$\rho V^{2}$ D 3$\rho V^{2}$
GATE CE 2017 SET-1   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 8 Explanation:
Applying Bernoulli's equation, we get
\begin{aligned} \frac{P_{1}}{\rho g}+\frac{(V)^{2}}{2 g}+Z&=\frac{P_{2}}{\rho g}+\frac{(2 V)^{2}}{2 g}+z \\ \Rightarrow \quad \frac{P_{1}-P_{2}}{\rho g}&=\frac{4 V^{2}-V^{2}}{2 g} \\ \Rightarrow \quad P_{1}-P_{2}&=\frac{3}{2} p V^{2} \\ \Rightarrow \quad P_{1}-P_{2}&=1.5 p V^{2} \end{aligned}
 Question 9
The reading of differential manometer of a Venturimeter, placed at 45$^{\circ}$ to the horizontal is 11 cm. If the Venturimeter is turned to horizontal position, the manometer reading will be
 A zero B $\frac{11}{\sqrt{2}}cm$ C 11cm D $11\sqrt{2}cm$
GATE CE 2005   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 9 Explanation:
The manomeler reading of a venturimeter does not depend upon the inclination of venturimeter with the horizontal
 Question 10
A frictionless fluid of density r flow through a bent pipe as shown below. If A is the cross sectional area and V is the velocity of flow, the forces exerted on segment 1-2 of the pipe in the x and y direction are, respectively,
 A $\rho AV^{2}; \; 0$ B $\rho AV^{2}; \; \sqrt{2}\rho AV^{2}$ C 0; 0 D $0; \; \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\rho AV^{2}$
GATE CE 2004   Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
Question 10 Explanation:
Force exerted on segment 1-2 in x-direction,
$F_{x}=\rho Q\left[V_{p}-V_{i}\right]=\rho Q[V-V]=0$
Force exerted on segment 1-2 in y-direction,
$F_{y}=\rho Q[0-0]=0$
There are 10 questions to complete.