# Infiltration, Runoff and Hydrographs

 Question 1
A two-hour duration storm event with uniform excess rainfall of 3 cm occurred on a watershed. The ordinates of streamflow hydrograph resulting from this event are given in the table.
$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline \text{Time (hours)}& 0&1 &2 &3 &4 &5 &6 &7 \\ \hline \text{Streamflow}(m^3/s)& 10 &16 & 34 &40 & 31 & 25 &16&10 \\ \hline \end{array}$
Considering a constant baseflow of 10 $m^3/s$, the peak flow ordinate (in $m^3/s$) of one-hour unit hydrograph for the watershed is ________ . (in integer)
 A 12 B 14 C 22 D 18
GATE CE 2022 SET-1   Engineering Hydrology
Question 1 Explanation:
$C_1$ = Time
$C_2$ = Ordinates of 2hr DRH
$C_3$ = Ordinates of 2hr UH=(Ordinates of 2hr DRH)/(Rianfall excess of 3cm)
$C_4$ = S-curve lag by 2hr
$C_5$ = S-curve ordinates $S_2$
$C_6$ = $S_1$ curve
$C_7$ = Ordinates of 1hr UH $= \frac{S_2-S-1}{1/2}$
$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline C_1& C_2& C_3& C_4& C_5& C_6&C_7 \\ \hline 0&0 &0 &- &0 &- & 0\\ \hline 1&6 & 2& -&2 & 0& 4\\ \hline 2&24 & 8&0 &8 & 2&12 \\ \hline 3&30 &10 &2 &12 &8 &8 \\ \hline 4&21 & 7& 8& 15& 12& 6\\ \hline 5&15 &5 & 12& 17& 15& 4\\ \hline 6&6 & 2& 15& 17&17& 0\\ \hline 7 &0 & 0& 17& 17& 17&0\\ \hline & & & 17& 17& 17&0\\ \hline \end{array}$
 Question 2
The hyetograph in the figure corresponds to a rainfall event of 3 cm.

If the rainfall event has produced a direct runoff of 1.6 cm, the $\phi$-index of the event (in mm/hour,round off to one decimal place) would be
 A 1.2 B 4.2 C 3.4 D 2.8
GATE CE 2021 SET-2   Engineering Hydrology
Question 2 Explanation:

\begin{aligned} \text { Total rainfall } &=3 \mathrm{~cm} \\ \text { Total runoff } &=1.6 \mathrm{~cm} \\ \therefore \qquad \qquad \qquad\text { Total infiltration } &=3-1.6=1.4 \mathrm{~cm}\\ \therefore \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad\qquad\text { W-index }&=\frac{\text { Total infiltration }}{\text { Total duration of storm }}\\ &=\frac{1.4}{(210 / 60)} \mathrm{cm} / \mathrm{hr} \\ &=0.4 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{hr}=4 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{hr}\\ \text { As } \phi \text { -index }>\text { W-index }\qquad \qquad \end{aligned}
Hence storm of intensities 4 mm/hr and 3 mm/hr will not produce rainfall exam.
\begin{aligned} \phi \text { -index } &=\frac{\text { Total infiltration in which rainfall excess occur }}{\text { Time period in which rainfall excess occur }} \\ &=\frac{\text { Total infiltration }-\text { Infiltration in which no rainfall excess occur }}{T_{\text {excess }}} \\ &=\frac{14 \mathrm{~mm}-\left(4 \times \frac{30}{60}+3 \times \frac{30}{60}\right) \mathrm{mm}}{\left(\frac{150}{60}\right) \mathrm{hr}} \\ &=4.2 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{hr} \end{aligned}
 Question 3
A 12-hour unit hydrograph (of 1 cm excess rainfall) of a catchment is of a triangular shape with a base width of 144 hour and a peak discharge of $23 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}$. The area of the catchment (in $\mathrm{~km}^{2}$,round off to the nearest integer) is _______
 A 412 B 632 C 596 D 128
GATE CE 2021 SET-2   Engineering Hydrology
Question 3 Explanation:

Area of hydrograph = Total direct runoff volume
\begin{aligned} \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \times 23 \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{sec} \times 144 \times &3600 \mathrm{sec}=\text { Area of catchment } \times \text { Runoff depth }\\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \times 23 \times 144 \times 3600 \mathrm{~m}^{3} &=A \times \frac{1}{100} \mathrm{~m} \\ A &=596.16 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m}^{2} \\ \therefore \quad \text{ Area of catchment }&=596.16 \mathrm{~km}^{2} \end{aligned}
 Question 4
The value of abscissa (x) and ordinate (y) of a curve are as follows:
$\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline x & y \\ \hline 2.0 & 5.00 \\ \hline 2.5 & 7.25 \\ \hline 3.0 & 10.00 \\ \hline 3.5 & 13.25 \\ \hline 4.0 & 17.00 \\ \hline \end{array}$
By Simpson's $1 / 3^{\mathrm{rd}}$ rule, the area under the curve (round off to two decimal places) is ______________
 A 20.67 B 54.62 C 38.45 D 66.22
GATE CE 2021 SET-1   Engineering Hydrology
Question 4 Explanation:
d = 0.5 unit

\begin{aligned} A &=\frac{d}{3}\left[\left(y_{1}+y_{5}\right)+4\left(y_{2}+y_{4}\right)+2 y_{3}\right] \\ &=\frac{0.5}{3}[(5+17)+4(7.25+13.25)+2 \times 10] \\ &=20.67 \text { unit }^{2} \end{aligned}
 Question 5
A triangular direct runoff hydrograph due to a storm has a time base of 90 hours. The peak flow of 60 $m^3/s$ occurs at 20 hours from the start of the storm. The area of catchment is 300 $km^2$. The rainfall excess of the storm (in cm), is
 A 2 B 3.24 C 5.4 D 6.48
GATE CE 2020 SET-2   Engineering Hydrology
Question 5 Explanation:

$\left [ \frac{\frac{1}{2} \times 60 m^3/s \times 90 \times 3600s}{300 \times 10^6m^2} \times 100 \right ]cm$= Rainfall excess
Rainfall excess = 3.24 cm
 Question 6
The probability that a 50 year flood may NOT occur at all during 25 years life of a project (round off to two decimal places), is _______.
 A 0.6 B 0.25 C 0.78 D 0.44
GATE CE 2020 SET-1   Engineering Hydrology
Question 6 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} P&=\frac{1}{T}=\frac{1}{50}=0.02 \\ q&=1-P=0.98 \end{aligned}
$\therefore \;$ Probability of non-occurance of an event is given by
\begin{aligned} \text{Assurance} &= q^n \\ &= (0.98)^{25}\\ &= 0.603 \end{aligned}
 Question 7
The ordinates, u, of a 2-hour unit hydrograph (i.e., for 1 cm of effective rain), for a catchment are shown in the table.
A 6-hour storm occurs over the catchment such that the effective rainfall intensity is 1 cm/hour for the first two hours, zero for the next two hours, and 0.5 cm/hour for the last two hours. If the base flow is constant at 5 $m^3/s$, the peak flow due to this storm (in $m^3/s$,round off to 1 decimal place) will be _____
 A 45.6 B 74.6 C 64.3 D 97
GATE CE 2019 SET-2   Engineering Hydrology
Question 7 Explanation:
Rainfall excess in 1st two hours,
$R_1=1cm/hr \times 2 hr=2cm$
Rainfall excess in 2nd two hours
$R_2=0$
Rainfall excess in 3rd two hours,
$R_3=0.5cm/hr \times 2 hr=1cm$

 Question 8
An inflow hydrograph is routed through a reservoir to produce an outflow hydrograph. The peak flow of the inflow hydrograph is $P_I$ and the time of occurrence of the peak is $t_I$. The peak flow of the outflow hydrograph is $P_O$ and the time of occurrence of the peak is $t_O$. Which one of the following statements is correct?
 A $P_I \lt P_O \; and \; t_I \lt t_O$ B $P_I \lt P_O \; and \; t_I \gt t_O$ C $P_I \gt P_O \; and \; t_I \lt t_O$ D $P_I \gt P_O \; and \; t_I \gt t_O$
GATE CE 2019 SET-2   Engineering Hydrology
Question 8 Explanation:

The outflow from the reservoir is uncontrolled therefore peak of outflow hydrograph will occur at the junction of inflow and outflow hydrograph.
$P_I \gt P_0$
$t_I \lt t_0$
 Question 9
The hyetograph of a storm event of duration 140 minutesis shown in the figure.

The infiltration capacity at the start of this event (t=0) is 17 mm/hour, which linearly decreases to 10 mm/hour after 40 minutes duration. As the event progresses, the infiltration rate further drops down linearly to attain a value of 4 mm/hour at t=100 minutes and remains constant thereafter till the end of the storm event. The value of the infiltration index, $\phi$ (in mm/hour, round off to 2 decimal places), is _______
 A 7.24 B 6.44 C 9.26 D 10.64
GATE CE 2019 SET-1   Engineering Hydrology
Question 9 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} P&=(4+8+15+10+8+3+1) \times \frac{20}{60} \\ &=16.33\; minute \\ Q&=(15-10) \times \frac{20}{60} +(10-8) \times \frac{20}{60} \\ &+(8-6) \times \frac{20}{60} +\frac{1}{2}\times 2 \times \frac{20}{60}+\frac{1}{2} \\ &+\frac{1}{2}\times 2 \times \frac{20}{60}+frac{1}{2}\times 2 \times \frac{20}{60}\\ &=4mm\\ W-index&=\frac{P-Q}{t}=\frac{16.33-4}{\frac{140}{60}}=5.28 mm/hr\\ \text{Since,} \; \phi & \geq W\\ \text{Assume, }\; \phi &=5.28 mm/hr\\ \Rightarrow \; \text{Corrected, }\phi &=\frac{16.33-4-4 \times \frac{20}{60}-3 \times \frac{20}{60}-1 \times \frac{20}{60}}{\left ( \frac{140-30-20-20}{60} \right )} \\ &=7.2475 mm/hr \end{aligned}
 Question 10
The total rainfall in a catchment of area $1000\: km^{2}$, during a 6 h storm, is 19 cm. The surface runoff due to this storm computed from triangular direct runoff hydrograph is $1 \times 10^8 m^{3}$. The $\phi _{index}$ for this storm (in cm/h, up to one decimal place) is ______
 A 1 B 0.5 C 1.5 D 2
GATE CE 2018 SET-2   Engineering Hydrology
Question 10 Explanation:
Surface runoff $=\frac{1\times 10^{8}m^{3}}{1000\times 10^{6}m^{2}} =0.1 m=10 cm$
Total rainfall = 19cm
Rainfall intensity $=\frac{19}{6}=3.167 cm/hr$
w-Index $= \frac{P-Q}{t} =\frac{\text{Total Infiltration}}{\text{Total duration of storm}}$
$\therefore \;\; w-Index=\frac{19-10}{6}=1.5 cm/hr$
As intensity of rainfall $\gt$w-Index
And rainfall intensity is uniform therefore $\phi$-index = w-Index= 1.5 cm/hr.
There are 10 questions to complete.