# Calculus

 Question 1
The value of the integral
$\int \int _D 3(x^2+y^2)dxdy$
, where $D$ is the shaded triangular region shown in the diagram, is _____ (rounded off to the nearest integer).

 A 128 B 1024 C 512 D 64
GATE EC 2022   Engineering Mathematics
Question 1 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} I&=\int_{0}^{4}\int_{-x}^{x}(3x^2+3y^2)dydx\\ &=\int_{0}^{4}\left [ 3x^y+\frac{3y^3}{3} \right ]_{-x}^xdx\\ &=\int_{0}^{4}[3x^2(2x)+2x^3]dx\\ &=\int_{0}^{4}8x^3 dx\\ &=2 \times 4^4\\ &=512 \end{aligned}
 Question 2
The function $f(x)=8 \log _e x-x^2+3$ attains its minimum over the interval $[1,e]$ at $x=$ _________.
(Here $\log _e x$ is the natural logarithm of $x=$.)
 A 2 B 1 C $e$ D $\frac{1+e}{2}$
GATE EC 2022   Engineering Mathematics
Question 2 Explanation:
$f(x)=8 \log _e x-x^2+3$ when $x \in [1,e]$
Differentiating both side,
\begin{aligned} f(x)&=\frac{8}{x}-2x=0 \; where\; x \gt 0\\ f'(x)&=0\\ \frac{8}{x}-2x&=0\\ 8-2x^2&=0\\ x^2&=4\\ x&=\pm 2 \end{aligned}
\begin{aligned} f''(x)&=\frac{-8}{x^2}-2 \\ f''(2)&=-6 \lt 0\\ \end{aligned}
f(x) is maximum for x = 2
Minimum of f(x) will be in [1, e] = min [f(1), f(e)]
$f(e)=8 \ln e -e^2+3=3.61$
Hence, minimum value of f(x) occurs at x=1
 Question 3
Consider the two-dimensional vector field $\vec{F}(x,y)=x\vec{i}+y\vec{j}$, where $\vec{i}$ and $\vec{j}$ denote the unit vectors along the x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. A contour C in the x-y plane, as shown in the figure, is composed of two horizontal lines connected at the two ends by two semicircular arcs of unit radius. The contour is traversed in the counter-clockwise sense. The value of the closed path integral
$\oint _c \vec{F}(x,y)\cdot (dx\vec{i}+dy\vec{j})$

 A 0 B 1 C $8+2 \pi$ D -1
GATE EC 2022   Engineering Mathematics
Question 3 Explanation:
$\oint \vec{F} (x,y)\cdot [dx\vec{i}+dy\vec{j}]$
Given $\vec{F} (x,y)=x\vec{i}+y\vec{j}$
$\therefore \int_{c}xdx+ydy=0$
Because here vector is conservative.
If the integral function is the total derivative over the closed contoure then it will be zero
 Question 4
Consider the integral
$\oint _{c}\frac{sin\left ( x \right )}{x^{2}\left ( x^{2}+4 \right )}dx$
where C is a counter-clockwise oriented circle defined as $\left | x-i \right |=2$. The value of the integral is
 A $-\frac{\pi }{8}\sin\left ( 2i \right )$ B $\frac{\pi }{8}\sin\left ( 2i \right )$ C $-\frac{\pi }{4}\sin\left ( 2i \right )$ D $\frac{\pi }{4}\sin\left ( 2i \right )$
GATE EC 2021   Engineering Mathematics
Question 4 Explanation:
MARKS TO ALL AS PER IIT ANSWER KEY
$\oint_{c} \frac{\sin x}{x^{2}\left(x^{2}+4\right)} d x, c:|x-i|=2$
Poles are given by $x^{2}=0$ and $x^{2}+4=0$
$\Rightarrow\qquad x=0$ is a pole of order '2'
$x=2$ i are simple nodes
$x=0$ lies inside 'c'
$x=2$ i lies inside 'c'
$x=-2$ i lies outside 'c'
\begin{aligned} \text{Res}_{0} &=\frac{1}{(2-1)} \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{d}{d z}\left[(x-0)^{2} \frac{\sin x}{x^{2}\left(x^{2}+4\right)}\right] \\ &=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\left(x^{2}+4\right) \cos x-\sin x(2 x)}{\left(x^{2}+4\right)^{2}}=\frac{1}{4} \\ \text{Res}_{2 i} &=\lim _{x \rightarrow 2 i}(x-2 i) \frac{\sin x}{x^{2}(x-2 i)(x+2 i)}=\frac{\sin (2 i)}{(-4)(4 i)} \\ \text{By CRT}\quad \oint_{c} f d x &=2 \pi i\left[\text{Res}_{0}+\text{Res}_{2 i}\right]=2 \pi i\left[\frac{1}{4}+\frac{\sin (2 i)}{-16}\right] \end{aligned}
 Question 5
The vector function $F\left ( r \right )=-x\hat{i}+y\hat{j}$ is defined over a circular arc C shown in the figure.

The line integral of $\int _{C} F\left ( r \right ).dr$ is
 A $\frac{1}{2}$ B $\frac{1}{4}$ C $\frac{1}{6}$ D $\frac{1}{3}$
GATE EC 2021   Engineering Mathematics
Question 5 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} \bar{F} &=-x i+y j \\ \int \vec{F} \cdot \overrightarrow{d r} &=\int_{c}-x d x+y d y \\ &=\int_{\theta=0}^{45^{\circ}}(-\cos \theta(-\sin \theta)+\sin \theta \cos \theta) d \theta \\ \int_{\theta=0}^{\pi / 4} \sin 2 \theta d \theta &\left.=-\frac{\cos 2 \theta}{2}\right]_{0}^{\pi / 4} \\ &=-\frac{1}{2}[0-1]=\frac{1}{2} \end{aligned}

 Question 6
For the solid S shown below, the value of $\int \int_S \int x dxdydz$ (rounded off to two decimal places) is ______.
 A 3.52 B 1.25 C 2.25 D 4.25
GATE EC 2020   Engineering Mathematics
Question 6 Explanation:
x : 0 to 3
y : 0 to 1
z : 0 to 1-y
=$\int_{y=0}^{1}\int_{z=0}^{1-y}\int_{x=0}^{3}x\, dx\, dy\, dz=\int_{y=0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1-y}\left ( \frac{x^{2}}{2} \right )^{3}_{0}dz\, dy$
=$\int_{0}^{1}\frac{9}{2}(z)_{0}^{1-y}dy=\frac{9}{2}\int_{0}^{1}(1-y)dy=\frac{9}{2}\left ( y-\frac{y^{2}}{2} \right )_{0}^{1}$
=$\frac{9}{2}\left ( 1-\frac{1}{2} \right )=\frac{9}{4}= 2.25$
 Question 7
The partial derivative of the function

$f(x,y,z)=e^{1-x \cos y}+xze^{-1/(1+y^2)}$

with respect to x at the point (1,0,e) is
 A -1 B 0 C 1 D $\frac{1}{e}$
GATE EC 2020   Engineering Mathematics
Question 7 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} \text{Given, } f(x,y,z)&=e^{1-x\cos y}+xze^{-1/(1+y^{2})} \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}&=e^{1-x\cos y}(0-\cos y)+ze^{-1/1+y^{2}} \\ \left ( \frac{\partial f }{\partial x} \right )_{(1,0,e)}&=e^{0}(0-1)+e\cdot e^{-1/(1+0)} \\ &=-1+1=0 \end{aligned}
 Question 8
For a vector field $\vec{A}$, which one of the following is False?
 A $\vec{A}$ is solenoidal if $\bigtriangledown \cdot \vec{A}=0$ B $\bigtriangledown \times \vec{A}$ is another vector field. C $\vec{A}$ is irrotational if $\bigtriangledown ^2 \vec{A}=0$. D $\bigtriangledown \times(\bigtriangledown \times \vec{A})=\bigtriangledown (\bigtriangledown \cdot \vec{A})-\bigtriangledown ^2 \vec{A}$
GATE EC 2020   Engineering Mathematics
Question 8 Explanation:
Divergence and curl operator is performed on a vector field $\vec{A}$
Curl operation provides a vector orthogonal to the given vector field $\vec{A}$
$\bigtriangledown \times(\bigtriangledown \times \vec{A})=\bigtriangledown (\bigtriangledown \cdot \vec{A})-\bigtriangledown ^2 \vec{A}$
If a vector field is irrortational then $\bigtriangledown \times \vec{A}=0$
If a vector field is solenoidal then $\bigtriangledown \cdot \vec{A}=0$
If a field is scalar A, then $\bigtriangledown ^2 \vec{A}=0$, is a laplacian equation.
Hence option (C) is incorrect
 Question 9
If $v_1, v_2,..., v_6$ are six vectors in $\mathbb{R}^4$, which one of the following statements is False?
 A It is not necessary that these vectors span $\mathbb{R}^4$. B These vectors are not linearly independent. C Any four of these vectors form a basis for $\mathbb{R}^4$. D If {$v_1, v_3,v_5, v_6$} spans $\mathbb{R}^4$, then it forms a basis for $\mathbb{R}^4$.
GATE EC 2020   Engineering Mathematics
Question 9 Explanation:
$v_1, v_2,..., v_6$ are six vectors in $\mathbb{R}^4$.
For a 4-dimensional vector space,
(i) any four linearly independent vectors form a basis (or)
(ii) Any set of four vectors in $\mathbb{R}^4$ spans $\mathbb{R}^4$, then it forms a basis.
Therefore, clearly options (A), (B), (D) are true.
Option (C) is FALSE
 Question 10
Consider the line integral

$\int _c (xdy-ydx)$

the integral being taken in a counterclockwise direction over the closed curve C that forms the boundary of the region R shown in the figure below. The region R is the area enclosed by the union of a 2x3 rectangle and a semi-circle of radius 1. The line integral evaluates to
 A $6+\pi/2$ B $8+\pi$ C $12+\pi$ D $16+2 \pi$
GATE EC 2019   Engineering Mathematics
Question 10 Explanation:
\begin{array}{l} \text { Given, } \int-y d x+x d y \\ \qquad \begin{aligned} \text { here, } \quad F_{1}&=-y \text { and } \frac{\partial F_{1}}{\partial y}=-1 \\ F_{2} &=x \text { and } \frac{\partial F_{2}}{\partial x}=1 \\ \therefore \int F_{1} d x+F_{2} d y &=\iint\left(\frac{\partial F_{2}}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial F_{1}}{\partial y}\right) d x d y \\ \int-y d x+x d y &=\iint 1-(-1) d x d y \\ &=2( \text { Area of region R}) \\ &=2\left(6+\frac{\pi}{2}\right)=12+\pi \end{aligned} \end{array}
There are 10 questions to complete.