# Information Theory and Coding

 Question 1
A digital communication system transmits a block of N bits. The probability of error in decoding a bit is $\alpha$. The error event of each bit is independent of the error events of the other bits. The received block is declared erroneous if at least one of the its bits is decoded wrongly. The probability that the received block is erroneous is
 A $N(1-\alpha )$ B $\alpha ^n$ C $1-\alpha ^n$ D $1-(1-\alpha )^n$
GATE EC 2020   Communication Systems
Question 1 Explanation:
Probability of error in decoding single bit=$\alpha$
Then probability of no error will be $1- \alpha$.
Total N-bits transmitted, so that probability of no error in received block
=$(1-\alpha )(1-\alpha )...N \, \text{ Times}$
$=(1-\alpha) ^{N}$
The Probability of received block is erroneous is $=1-(1-\alpha) ^{N}$
 Question 2
A linear Hamming code is used to map 4-bit messages to 7-bit codewords. The encoder mapping is linear. If the message 0001 is mapped to the codeword 0000111, and the message 0011 is mapped to the codeword 1100110, then the message 0010 is mapped to
 A 10011 B 1100001 C 1111000 D 1111111
GATE EC 2019   Communication Systems
Question 2 Explanation:

 Question 3
Consider a binary channel code in which each codeword has a fixed length of 5 bits. The Hamming distance between any pair of distinct codewords in this code is at least 2. The maximum number of codewords such a code can contain is _________.
 A 15 B 16 C 17 D 18
GATE EC 2018   Communication Systems
Question 3 Explanation:
According to the Plotkin bound.
\begin{aligned} d_{\min } &\leq \frac{n 2^{k-1}}{2^{k}-1}\\ n&= \text{ Length of each code word }\\ k&= \text{ Length of each message word} \\ \text{Given that.}\\ d_{\min }&=2 \text { and } n=5\\ \text{So, } \frac{2^{k}}{2\left(2^{k}-1\right)} &\geq \frac{2}{5} \\ \frac{2^{k}}{2^{k}-1} &\geq \frac{4}{5} \end{aligned}
For any value of k, the above bound will be satisfied. But as $n > k$ and n is fixed at 5. The maximum value of k that can be selected is 4.
So, the maximum number of codewords possible is $2_{4} = 16$.
 Question 4
Consider a binary memory less channel characterized by the transition probability diagram shown in the figure.

The channel is
 A Lossless B Noiseless C Useless D Deterministic
GATE EC 2017-SET-2   Communication Systems
Question 4 Explanation:
Given that
$\left[P\left(\frac{Y}{X}\right)\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ll} 0.25 & 0.75 \\ 0.25 & 0.75 \end{array}\right]$
Hmesual irformation I(X;Y)= O for every possible input distribution, then the channel is called as useless (or) zero-capacity channel.
\begin{aligned} Let \quad[P(X)]&=[\alpha(1-\alpha)] \\ \text{Then } H(x)&=\\ -\alpha \log _{2} \alpha-(1-\alpha) &\log _{2}(1-\alpha)\text{ bits/symbol}\\ [P(Y)]&=[P(X)]\left[P\left(\frac{Y}{X}\right)\right]=[0.25\; \; 0.75] \end{aligned}
$\begin{array}{c} [P(X, Y)]=\left[\begin{array}{cc} \frac{\alpha}{4} & \frac{3 \alpha}{4} \\ \frac{(1-\alpha)}{4} & \frac{3(1-\alpha)}{4} \end{array}\right] \\ \left[P\left(\frac{X}{Y} \right ) \right ]=\frac{[P(X,Y)]}{[P(Y)]_{d}}=\left[\begin{array}{cc} \alpha & \alpha \\ (1-\alpha) & (1-\alpha ) \end{array} \right ]\\ H\left(\frac{X}{Y}\right)=-\sum_{i} \sum_{j} P\left(x_{i}, y_{i}\right) \log _{2} P\left(\frac{x_{i}}{y_{i}}\right) \text { bits/symb } \\ =-\alpha \log _{2} \alpha -(1-\alpha) \log _{2}(1-\alpha) \text { bits/symbol } \\ I(X ; Y)=H(X)-H\left(\frac{X}{Y}\right)=0 \end{array}$
So, the given binary memoryless channel is "useless" channel.
 Question 5
Which one of the following graphs shows the Shannon capacity (channel capacity) in bits of a memory less binary symmetric channel with crossover probability P?
 A A B B C C D D
GATE EC 2017-SET-2   Communication Systems
Question 5 Explanation:
The channel capacity of a memoryless binary symmetric channel can be expressed as,
$C=1+p \log _{2} p+(1-p) \log _{2}(1-p)$

 Question 6
Let $(X_{1},X_{2})$ be independent random variables. $X_{1}$ has mean 0 and variance 1, while $X_{2}$ has mean 1 and variance 4. The mutual information $I(X_{1};X_{2})$ between $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ in bits is
 A 1 B 2 C 3 D 0
GATE EC 2017-SET-1   Communication Systems
Question 6 Explanation:
Mutual information of two random variables is a measure of the mutual dependence of the two variables.
Given that, X and Y are independent. Hence, $I(X:Y)=0$.
 Question 7
A voice-grade AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) telephone channel has a bandwidth of 4.0 kHz and two-sided noise power spectral density $\frac{\eta }{2}=2.5 \times 10^{-5}$ Watt per Hz. If information at the rate of 52 kbps is to be transmitted over this channel with arbitrarily small bit error rate, then the minimum bit-energy $E_{b}$ (in mJ/bit) necessary is __________
 A 11.25 B 22.75 C 31.5 D 44.5
GATE EC 2016-SET-3   Communication Systems
Question 7 Explanation:
$\begin{array}{c} C=B \log _{2}\left(1+\frac{S}{N}\right) \\ S=E_{b} \cdot R_{b}\\ \left(E_{b}=\text { bit energy, } R_{b}= \text{ information rate bits/sec}\right)\\ C=B \log _{2}\left(1+\frac{E_{D} R_{D}}{N_{o}}\right) \end{array}$
For distortionless transmission, C should be atleast of $R_{b}$
\begin{aligned} \stackrel{R_{b}}{B}&=\log _{2}\left(1+\frac{E_{b} R_{b}}{N_{o} B}\right)\\ E_{b} &=\left(2^{R_{b} / B}-1\right) \frac{N_{0} B}{R_{b}} \\ &=\frac{\left(2^{52 / 13}-1\right) \times 2 \times 2.5 \times 10^{-5} \times 4}{52} \\ E_{p} &=31.504 \mathrm{mJ} / \mathrm{bil} \end{aligned}
 Question 8
An analog baseband signal, bandlimited to 100 Hz, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. The samples are quantized into four message symbols that occur independently with probabilities p1 = p4 = 0.125 and p2 = p3. The information rate (bits/sec) of the message source is __________
 A 180.6 B 90.8 C 362.2 D 320.5
GATE EC 2016-SET-3   Communication Systems
Question 8 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} f_{m} &=100 \mathrm{Hz} \\ f_{s} &=2 f_{m}=200 \text { samplesisec } \\ P_{1} &=P_{4}=\frac{1}{8} \\ P_{1}+P_{2}+P_{3}+P_{4} &=1 \\ \Rightarrow \quad 2 P_{2}&= 2 P_{3}=1-\frac{1}{4}=\frac{3}{4} \\ P_{2}&= P_{3}=\frac{3}{8} \\ H &=\sum_{i=1}^{N} P_{i} \log \frac{1}{P_{i}} \\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{8} \log _{2} 8+\frac{1}{8} \log _{2} 8&+\frac{3}{8} \log _{2} \frac{8}{3}+\frac{3}{8} \log _{2} \frac{8}{3} \\ H &=1.811 \text { bits/sample }\\ \text{Information rate }\\ R=H(\text { bits/sample }) &\times r(\text { samples/sec }) \\ &=1.811 \times 200 \\ &=362.2 \mathrm{bits} / \mathrm{sec} \end{aligned}
 Question 9
A binary communication system makes use of the symbols "zero" and "one". There are channel errors. Consider the following events:
$x_{0}$: a "zero" is transmitted
$x_{1}$ : a "one" is transmitted
$y_{0}$ : a "zero" is received
$y_{1}$ : a "one" is received
The following probabilities are given: $P(x_{0})=\frac{1}{2},P(y_{0}|x_{0})=\frac{3}{4},$ and$P(y_{0}|x_{0})=\frac{1}{2}$. The information in bits that you obtain when you learn which symbol has been received (while you know that a "zero" has been transmitted) is ________
 A 0.4 B 0.8 C 1.6 D 2
GATE EC 2016-SET-2   Communication Systems
Question 9 Explanation:

Information in bits when you learn which symbol has been received when zero is transmitted.
Case-I= when $y_{0}$ is received and $x_{0},$ is transmitted
Case-II = when $y_{1}$, is received and $x_{0}$ is transmitted
Thus, the overall average information, we can say H
\begin{aligned} H=& P\left(y_{0} \mid x_{0}\right) \log _{2}\left(\frac{1}{P\left(y_{0} \mid x_{0}\right)}\right) \\ &+P\left(y_{1} \mid x_{0}\right) \log _{2}\left(\frac{1}{P\left(y_{1} \mid x_{0}\right)}\right) \\ =&\left[\frac{3}{4} \log _{2}\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)+\frac{1}{4} \log _{2}(4)\right] \text { bits } \\ =& 0.811 \text { bits } \end{aligned}
 Question 10
A discrete memoryless source has an alphabet $\{a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},a_{4}\}$ with corresponding probabilities $\{\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{8},\frac{1}{8}\}$. The minimum required average codeword length in bits to represent this source for error-free reconstruction is ________
 A 0.5 B 1 C 1.5 D 1.75
GATE EC 2016-SET-2   Communication Systems
Question 10 Explanation:
Minimum required average codeword length in bits for error free reconstruction
\begin{aligned} L_{\min } &=H(\text { Entropy }) \\ H=\frac{1}{2} \log _{2} 2+\frac{1}{4} \log _{2} 4 &+\frac{1}{8} \log _{2} 8+\frac{1}{8} \log _{2} 8 \\ &=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{3}{8}+\frac{3}{8}=1.75 \\ \Rightarrow \quad L_{\text {min }} &=1.75 \mathrm{bits} / \text { word } \end{aligned}
There are 10 questions to complete.