# Probability and Statistics

 Question 1
The two sides of a fair coin are labelled as 0 and 1. The coin is tossed two times independently. Let M and N denote the labels corresponding to the outcomes of those tosses. For a random variable X, defined as X = min(M, N), the expected value E(X) (rounded off to two decimal places) is _________.
 A 0.15 B 0.75 C 0.55 D 0.25
GATE EC 2020   Engineering Mathematics
Question 1 Explanation:
s={(H,H),(H,T),(T,H),(T,T)}
$M=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ H & H & T & T \end{bmatrix}$ of first toss

$N=\begin{bmatrix} H & T & H& T \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$ of second toss
Now,X=Min{M,N}
$\therefore$
X=Min{H,H}=Min{1,1}=1
X=Min{H,T}=Min{1,0}=0
X=Min{T,H}=Min{0,1}=0
X=Min(T,T)=Min(0,0)=0
$\therefore$P(X=1)=$\frac{1}{4}$,P(x=0)=$\frac{3}{4}$
We Know that, $E(X)=\sum_{i}X_{i}P(x_{i})=1\times \frac{1}{4}+0\times \frac{3}{4}=\frac{1}{4}=0.25$
 Question 2
Let Z be an exponential random variable with mean 1. That is, the cumulative distribution function of Z is given by

$F_z(x)=\left\{\begin{matrix} 1-e^{-x} & if & x\geq 0\\ 0 & if & x \lt 0 \end{matrix}\right.$

Then $Pr(Z\gt 2|Z \gt 1)$, rounded off to two decimal places, is equal to ______
 A 0.37 B 0.18 C 0.54 D 0.9
GATE EC 2019   Engineering Mathematics
Question 2 Explanation:
Required probability
\begin{aligned} =&P(2 \gt 2) \cap(z \gt 1)]=\frac{P(z \gt 2]}{P[z \gt 1]} \\ P(z \gt 1] &=1-e^{-2} \Rightarrow P(z \gt 2)=e^{-2} \\ P(z \leq 2)=&1-e^{-1} \Rightarrow P(z \gt 1)=e^{-1} \end{aligned}
So.Required probability
$=\frac{e^{-2}}{e^{-1}}=e^{-1} \simeq 0.37$
 Question 3
If X and Y are random variables such that E[2X+Y]=0 and E[X+2Y]=33, then E[X]+E[Y]=________.
 A 8 B 10 C 11 D 13
GATE EC 2019   Engineering Mathematics
Question 3 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} E[2 X+Y] &=0 \text { and } E[X+2 Y]=33 \\ \text { then, } \quad 2 E[X]+E[Y] &=0 \text { and } E[X]+2 E[Y]=33 \\ 3 E[X]+3 E[Y] &=0+33=33 \\ E[X]+E[Y] &=11 \end{aligned}
 Question 4
Let $X_{1} , X_{2} , X_{3} \; and \; X_{4}$ be independent normal random variables with zero mean and unit variance. The probability that $X_{4}$ is the smallest among the four is _______.
 A 1 B 0.25 C 0.45 D 0.75
GATE EC 2018   Engineering Mathematics
Question 4 Explanation:
$P\left(X_{4} \text { is smallest }\right)=\frac{3 !}{4 !}=\frac{1}{4}=0.25$
 Question 5
Passengers try repeatedly to get a seat reservation in any train running between two stations until they are successful. If there is 40% chance of getting reservation in any attempt by a passenger, then the average number of attempts that passengers need to make to get a seat reserved is _________.
 A 1 B 1.5 C 2 D 2.5
GATE EC 2017-SET-2   Engineering Mathematics
Question 5 Explanation:
Protuatility of getting success $=\frac{4}{10}$
Propatiility of failure $=\frac{6}{10}$
\begin{aligned} &E[X]=\sum x_{i} P\left(x_{i}\right) \\ E[X]&=1 \times \frac{4}{10}+2 \times \frac{4}{10} \times \frac{6}{10}\\ &+3 \times \frac{4}{10}\left(\frac{6}{10}\right)^{2}+\ldots \; \; \; \ldots(i) \\ \frac{6}{10} E[X]&=1 \times \frac{4}{10} \times \frac{6}{10}\\ &+2 \times \frac{4}{10} \times\left(\frac{6}{10}\right)^{2} \ldots \; \; \; \ldots(ii) \end{aligned}
subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
\begin{aligned} \frac{4}{10} E[X] &=\frac{4}{10}+\frac{4}{10} \times \frac{6}{10}+\frac{4}{10} \times\left(\frac{6}{10}\right)^{2} \ldots \\ \frac{4}{10} E[X] &=\frac{\frac{4}{10}}{1-\frac{6}{10}}=1 \\ E[X] &=\frac{10}{4}=2.5 \end{aligned}
 Question 6
Three fair cubical dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability that all three dice have the same number of dots on the faces showing up is (up to third decimal place) __________.
 A 0.018 B 0.038 C 0.028 D 0.08
GATE EC 2017-SET-1   Engineering Mathematics
Question 6 Explanation:
When three dice are thrown
Total number of possible cases $=6 \times 6 \times 6=216$
Favourable cases of all three dice have same
number are,
$\left\{\begin{array}{lll} (1,1,1) & (2,2,2)&(3,3,3) \\ (4,4,4) & (5,5,5) & (6,6,6) \end{array}\right\}$
Number of favourable cases =6
$\text { Required probability }=\frac{6}{216}=\frac{1}{36}=0.028$
 Question 7
The probability of getting a "head" in a single toss of a biased coin is 0.3. The coin is tossed repeatedly till a "head" is obtained. If the tosses are independent, then the probability of getting "head" for the first time in the fifth toss is __________
 A 0.01 B 0.04 C 0.07 D 0.1
GATE EC 2016-SET-3   Engineering Mathematics
Question 7 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} P(H)&=0.3 \\ P(T)&=0.7 \end{aligned}
since all tosses are independent
so, probability of getting head for the first time in $5^{\text {th }}$ toss is
\begin{aligned} &=P(T) P(T) P(T) P(T) P(H) \\ &=0.7 \times 0.7 \times 0.7 \times 0.7 \times 0.3=0.072 \end{aligned}
 Question 8
Two random variables X and Y are distributed according to
$f_{x,y}(x,y)=\left\{\begin{matrix} (x+y) &0 \leq x\leq 1,0\leq y\leq 1 \\ 0 & otherwise. \end{matrix}\right.$
The probability $p(x+y\leq 1)$ is ________
 A 0.14 B 0.33 C 0.55 D 0.68
GATE EC 2016-SET-2   Engineering Mathematics
Question 8 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} P(X+Y \leq 1) &=\int_{x=0}^{1} \int_{y=0}^{(1-x)} f_{x y}(x, y) d x d y \\ &=\int_{x=0}^{1} \int_{y=0}^{1-x}(x+y) d x d y \\ &=\int_{x=0}^{1}\left(x y+\frac{y^{2}}{2}\right)_{0}^{1-x}\\ &=\int_{x=0}^{1}\left(x(1-x)+\frac{(1-x)^{2}}{2}\right) d x \\ &=\int_{x=0}^{1}\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{x^{2}}{2}\right) d x=\left(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{x^{3}}{6}\right)_{0}^{1} \\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{3}=0.33 \end{aligned}
 Question 9
The second moment of a Poisson-distributed random variable is 2. The mean of the random variable is _______
 A 0.5 B 1 C 2 D 3
GATE EC 2016-SET-1   Engineering Mathematics
Question 9 Explanation:
In Poisson distribution,
Mean = First moment $=\lambda$
secondmoment $=\lambda^{2}+\lambda$
Given, that second moment is 2
$\begin{array}{r} \lambda^{2}+\lambda=2 \\ \lambda^{2}+\lambda-2=0 \\ (\lambda+2)(\lambda-1)=0 \\ \lambda=1 \end{array}$
 Question 10
A fair die with faces {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is thrown repeatedly till '3' is observed for the first time. Let X denote the number of times the die is thrown. The expected value of X is ____.
 A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
GATE EC 2015-SET-3   Engineering Mathematics
There are 10 questions to complete.