# Power Electronics

 Question 1
A single-phase, full-bridge, fully controlled thyristor rectifier feeds a load comprising a 10$\Omega$ resistance in series with a very large inductance. The rectifier is fed from an ideal 230 V, 50 Hz sinusoidal source through cables which have negligible internal resistance and a total inductance of 2.28 mH. If the thyristors are triggered at an angle $\alpha = 45^{\circ}$, the commutation overlap angle in degree (rounded off to 2 decimal places) is_____.
 A 2.4 B 4.8 C 6.4 D 8.2
GATE EE 2020      Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Question 1 Explanation:
\begin{aligned}&1-\phi\text{ SCR bridge rectifier} \\ \alpha &=45^{\circ},\; \; R=10\, \Omega\\ &\text{supply 230 V, 50 Hz}\\ L_{s}&=2.28\, mH \\ \mu &=? \\ \Delta V_{d}&=\frac{V_{m}}{\pi }[\cos \alpha -\cos (\alpha +\mu )]\\ &= 4fL_{s}I_{0} \\ V_{0}&=\frac{2V_{m}}{\pi }\cos \alpha -4fL_{s}I_{0} \\ I_{0}R&=\frac{2V_{m}}{\pi}\cos \alpha -4fL_{s}I_{0} \\ &\text{Find }I_{0} \\ I_{0}\times 10&=\frac{2\times 230\sqrt{2}}{\pi } \cos 45 \\&-4\times 50\times 2.28\times 10^{-3}I_{0} \\ I_{0}(10+0.456)&=146.42 \\ I_{0}&=\frac{146.49}{10.456}=14.0036\: A \\ \Delta V_{d0 }&=\frac{230\sqrt{2}}{\pi }[\cos 45-\cos (45+\mu)] \\ &=4\times 50\times 2.28\times 10^{-3}\times 14 \\ &=6.384 \\ \cos 45^{\circ}-\cos (45^{\circ}+\mu )&=0.061659 \\ 45+\mu &=49.80 \\ \therefore \, \, \mu =4.80^{\circ}\end{aligned}
 Question 2
In the dc-dc converter circuit shown, switch Q is switched at a frequency of 10 kHz with a duty ratio of 0.6. All components of the circuit are ideal, and the initial current in the inductor is zero. Energy stored in the inductor in mJ (rounded off to 2 decimal places) at the end of 10 complete switching cycles is ________.
 A 10 B 5 C 15 D 20
GATE EE 2020      Choppers
Question 2 Explanation:
Buck boost converter,
$D=0.6\rightarrow \text{store energy}$
$D=\frac{T_{ON}}{T}=0.6$
$T_{ON}=0.6\: T\rightarrow \text{store energy}$
$T_{OFF}=0.4\: T\rightarrow \text{releasing energy}$

For one cycle: Rise in current for $0.2T$
For 10 cycles: Find rise in current $(0.2T) \times 10 = 2T$
$i=\frac{50}{L}t$
$i=\frac{50}{L}(2T)=\frac{50\times 2}{LP}=\frac{100}{10\cdot 10^{-3}\times 10\cdot 10^{3}}=1\, A$
$\therefore \, \text{Energy stored}=\frac{1}{2}Li^{2}=\frac{1}{2}\times (10\cdot 10^{-3})(1)^{2}=5\: mJ$
 Question 3
A resistor and a capacitor are connected in series to a 10 V dc supply through a switch. The switch is closed at $t=0$, and the capacitor voltage is found to cross 0 V at $t=0.4 \tau$, where $\tau$ is the circuit time constant. The absolute value of percentage change required in the initial capacitor voltage if the zero crossing has to happen at $t=0.2 \tau$ is _______ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
 A 24.24 B 78.83 C 12.45 D 54.99
GATE EE 2020      Power Semiconductor Devices and Commutation Techniques
Question 3 Explanation:
If initial charge polarities on the capacitor is opposite to the supply voltage then only the capacitor voltage crosses the zero line.
\begin{aligned} V_{c}(t) \; \Rightarrow \;& \text{Final value} \\ &+ (\text{Initial value - Final value}) e^{-t/\tau }\\ 0&=10+(-V_{0}-10)e^{-0.4} \\ 10&=(V_{0}+10)e^{-0.4} \\ V_{0}&=4.918 V \\ \text{Now, } t&=0.2\tau \\ 0&=10+(-{V_{0}}'-10)e^{-0.2} \\ {V_{0}}'&=2.214 \\ \%\text{change in voltage} &= \frac{4.918-2.214}{4.918}\times 100 \%\\ &=54.99\% \end{aligned}
 Question 4
A non-ideal diode is biased with a voltage of -0.03 V, and a diode current of $I_1$ is measured. The thermal voltage is 26 mV and the ideality factor for the diode is 15/13. The voltage, in V, at which the measured current increases to 1.5$I_1$ is closest to:
 A -0.02 B -0.09 C -1.5 D -4.5
GATE EE 2020      Power Semiconductor Devices and Commutation Techniques
Question 4 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} I_{1}&=i_{0}\left [ e^{\frac{0.03}{15/13\times 26mV}}-1 \right ] \\ V_{D}&=\text{ -ve '1' can not be neglected}\\&\text{in diode current equation} \\ I_{1}&=I_{0}[e^{-30mV/30mV}-1] \\ &=I_{0}[e^{-1}-1] \\ &=-0.64\: I_{0} \\ 1.5I_{1}&=I_{0}[e^{V_{D}/30mV}-1] \\ -1.5\times 0.64 I_{0}&=I_{0}[e^{V_{D}/30mV}-1]\\-0.96&=e^{V_{D2}/30mV}-1\\1-0.96&=e^{V_{D2}/30mV}\\0.04&=e^{V_{D2}/30mV}\\ 30 mV \ln (0.04)&=V_{D}\\ V_{D}&=-0.09 V \end{aligned}
 Question 5
Consider the diode circuit shown below. The diode, D, obeys the current-voltage characteristic $I_D=I_S\left ( exp\left ( \frac{V_D}{nV_T} \right )-1 \right )$, where $n \gt 1, V_T \gt 0, V_D$ is the voltage across the diode and $I_D$ is the current through it. The circuit is biased so that voltage, $V \gt 0$ and current, $I \lt 0$. If you had to design this circuit to transfer maximum power from the current source ($I_1$) to a resistive load (not shown) at the output, what values $R_1 \; and \; R_2$ would you choose?
 A Large $R_1$ and large $R_2$. B Small $R_1$ and small $R_2$. C Large $R_1$ and small $R_2$. D Small $R_1$ and large $R_2$.
GATE EE 2020      Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Question 5 Explanation:
$R_{1}$-low, $R_{2}$- high
$V_{D}=V\times \frac{R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}$
If $R_{2}$ is large $V_{D}$ becomes high
If $R_{1}$ is less $V_{D}=V$
So for maximum power, $R_{1}$ is small and $R_{2}$ is large.
 Question 6
A single-phase inverter is fed from a 100 V dc source and is controlled using a quasisquare wave modulation scheme to produce an output waveform, $v(t)$. as shown. The angle $\sigma$ is adjusted to entirely eliminate the $3^{rd}$ harmonic component from the output voltage. Under this condition, for $v(t)$, the magnitude of the $5^{th}$ harmonic component as a percentage of the magnitude of the fundamental component is _______(rounded off to 2 decimal places).
 A 15 B 10 C 20 D 25
GATE EE 2020      Power Semiconductor Devices and Commutation Techniques
Question 6 Explanation:
Using result,
\begin{aligned} V_{n}&=\frac{4V_{s}}{n\pi }\cos n\sigma\ \text{For, } V_{3}=0\\ \cos 3\sigma &=0 \\ 3\sigma &=\frac{\pi }{2} \\ \sigma &=\frac{\pi }{6}\\ \text{Now, } \frac{V_{5}}{V_{1}}&=\frac{\cos 5\sigma }{5\cos\sigma }\\&=\frac{\cos 5\pi /6}{5\cos \pi /6}=-\frac{1}{5} \\ \% \left | \frac{V_{5}}{V_{1}} \right |&=\frac{1}{5}\times 100=20\% \end{aligned}
 Question 7
A double pulse measurement for an inductively loaded circuit controlled by the IGBT switch is carried out to evaluate the reverse recovery characteristics of the diode. D, represented approximately as a piecewise linear plot of current vs time at diode turn-off. $L_{par}$ is a parasitic inductance due to the wiring of the circuit, and is in series with the diode. The point on the plot (indicate your choice by entering 1. 2, 3 or 4) at which the IGBT experiences the highest current stress is ______.
 A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
GATE EE 2020      Miscellaneous
Question 7 Explanation:

Using KCL, $I_s=I_L-I_D$
$\therefore \; I_s$ is maximum when, $I_D$ is minimum, i.e. at point 3.
Therefore, IGBT experiences highest current stress at point 3.
 Question 8
Thyristor $T_1$ is triggered at an angle $\alpha$ (in degree), and $T_2$ at angle $180^{\circ} + \alpha$, in each cycle of the sinusoidal input voltage. Assume both thyristors to be ideal. To control the load power over the range 0 to 2 kW, the minimum range of variation in $\alpha$ is:
 A $0^{\circ} \; to \; 60^{\circ}$ B $0^{\circ} \; to \; 120^{\circ}$ C $60^{\circ} \; to \; 120^{\circ}$ D $60^{\circ} \; to \; 180^{\circ}$
GATE EE 2020      Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Question 8 Explanation:
As per GATE official answer key, MTA (Marks to All)

As load is capacitive, for any $\alpha$ :

\begin{aligned} V_{or}&=\frac{V_m}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\left [ \pi - \alpha +\frac{1}{2} \sin 2\alpha \right ]^{1/2}\\ P_0&=\left ( \frac{V_{or}}{z} \right )^2 \times R\\ &=\frac{V_{or}^2}{100} \times 5=\frac{V_{or}^2}{20}\\ \text{For }\alpha &=0^{\circ}\\ V_{or}&=\frac{V_m}{\sqrt{2}}=200\\ P_0&=\frac{200}{20}=2KW \end{aligned}
For $\alpha =120^{\circ}$, as current distinguishes, so $P=0.$
So, $\alpha$ should be $0^{\circ} \text{ to } 120^{\circ}.$
 Question 9
A single-phase, full-bridge diode rectifier fed from a 230 V, 50 Hz sinusoidal source supplies a series combination of finite resistance. R, and a very large inductance, L, The two most dominant frequency components in the source current are:
 A 50 Hz, 0 Hz B 50 Hz, 100 Hz C 50 Hz, 150 Hz D 50 Hz, 250 Hz
GATE EE 2020      Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Question 9 Explanation:
For full bridge rectifier, High inductive load

\begin{aligned} I_{source}&=\sum_{n=1,3,5}^{\infty }\frac{4I_0}{n \pi} \sin nd \sin \frac{n \pi}{2} \sin (n\omega t+\phi _n) \\ 2d &=\pi , \;\; d=\frac{\pi}{2}\\ I_{source}&= \frac{4I_0}{n \pi} \sum_{n=1,3,5}^{\infty } \sin ^2 n\left ( \frac{\pi}{2} \right ) \sin (n\omega t+\phi _n)\\ I_{source}&\neq 0 \end{aligned} For $n=1,3,5,...$
Since the most dominant frequency component will be $f, 3f, f = 50$
So dominant frequency $= 50 Hz, 150 Hz.$
 Question 10
A single-phase fully-controlled thyristor converter is used to obtain an average voltage of 180 V with 10 A constant current to feed a DC load. It is fed from single-phase AC supply of 230 V, 50 Hz. Neglect the source impedance. The power factor (round off to two decimal places) of AC mains is________
 A 0.25 B 0.55 C 0.78 D 0.95
GATE EE 2019      Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Question 10 Explanation:
$V_{sr}I_{sr} \cos \phi =V_0I_0$
For single-phase fully controlled converter,
$I_0=I_{sr}=10A$
$\cos \phi =\frac{V_0}{V_{sr}}=\frac{180}{230}=0.78$

There are 10 questions to complete.