Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Revolution of motor is one step =\frac{1}{50} \mathrm{rev} / \mathrm{step}
Pitch of lead screw =5 \mathrm{~mm}
movement of table
\Rightarrow 100 \mathrm{~mm}=\frac{1}{50} \times 5 \times \text { no. of steps }
or, no. of steps =1000

Chain and Sprocket mechanism is not used in CNC Machines.
Linear Motors Recently linear motors are being increasingly considered for use in high performance CNC machine tools. The linear motor consists of a series of magnets attached to the machine base and a set of electrical coils potted around a steel laminate core attached to the moving slide.
The fact that there are no mechanical parts in contact means that there is no wear periodic maintenance required. Linear motors are not limited in travel like ball screws. Larger bare required to achieve high velocity, with a longer travel to prevent undue vibration.
This larger ball screw results in a higher inertia. This means a larger motor with more torque is required (introduction inertia) and the responsiveness and bandwidth of the system is reduced, resulting in poor servo performance.
Machines built with linear motors and all-digital drive systems can produce parts with higher accuracy and tighter tolerances at higher feeds and speeds. Also, they reduce significantly the non-machining time with high acceleration and deceleration rates.

Fused-deposition modeling consists of a computercontrolled extruder, through which a polymer filament is deposited to produce a part slice by slice.

Laminated-object manufacturing uses a laser beam or vinyl cutter to first cut the slices on paper or plastic sheets (laminations); then it applies an adhesive layer, if necessary and finally stacks the sheets to produce the part.

Selective laser sintering uses a high-powered laser beam to sinter powders or coatings on the powders in a desired pattern. Selective laser sintering has been applied to polymers, sand, ceramics, and metals.

In contouring systems the machining path is usually constructed from a combination of linear and circular segments. It is only necessary to specify the coordinates of the initial and final points of each segment, and the feed rate. The operation of producing the required shape based on this information is termed interpolation and the corresponding unit is the "interpolator". The interpolator coordinates the motion along the machine axes, which are separately driven, by providing reference positions instant by instant for the position-and velocity control loops, to generate the required machining path. Typical interpolators are capable of generating linear and circular paths.

P(1, 1) to P(51, 1) is 50 mm distance. As pitch of the leadscrew is 1 mm. It has to move 50 rotation and in each rotation, backlash is 1.8 degree. Therefore total backlash
= 1.8 x 50 degree.
In one rotation i.e. 360^{\circ} rotation - 1 mm movement take place
In 1.8 \times 50^{\circ}=\frac{1.8 \times 50}{360} \mathrm{~mm}=0.25 \mathrm{~mm}