# Machine Design

 Question 1
A shaft AC rotating at a constant speed carries a thin pulley of radius $r = 0.4 m$ at the end C which drives a belt. A motor is coupled at the end A of the shaft such that it applies a torque $M_z$ about the shaft axis without causing any bending moment. The shaft is mounted on narrow frictionless bearings at A and B where $AB = BC = L = 0.5 m$. The taut and slack side tensions of the belt are $T_1= 300 N$ and $T2 = 100 N$, respectively. The allowable shear stress for the shaft material is 80 MPa. The selfweights of the pulley and the shaft are negligible. Use the value of $\pi$ available in the on-screen virtual calculator. Neglecting shock and fatigue loading and assuming maximum shear stress theory, the minimum required shaft diameter is _______ mm (round off to 2 decimal places).

 A 45.32 B 32.78 C 23.94 D 18.25
GATE ME 2022 SET-2      Bearings, Shafts and keys
Question 1 Explanation:

\begin{aligned} M_{max}&=400 \times L =400 \times 0.5 \times 10^3\\ &=200 \times 10^3 \; N.mm\\ T_{max}&=M_z\\ &=(T_1-T_1) \times r\\ &=(200 \times 0.4) \times 10^3\\ T_{max}&=80 \times 10^3 \; N.mm \end{aligned}
Here section-B is critical due to loading,

Critical particle :
According to maximum shear stress theory,
\begin{aligned} \frac{16}{\pi d^3}\sqrt{M_{max}^2+T_{max}^2}&=\frac{S_{{ys}}}{FOS}\\ \frac{16 \times 10^3}{\pi d^3}\sqrt{200^2+80^2}&=\frac{80}{1}\\ \Rightarrow d&=23.94mm \end{aligned}
 Question 2
A shaft of length $L$ is made of two materials, one in the inner core and the other in the outer rim, and the two are perfectly joined together (no slip at the interface) along the entire length of the shaft. The diameter of the inner core is $d_i$ and the external diameter of the rim is $d_o$, as shown in the figure. The modulus of rigidity of the core and rim materials are $G_i$ and $G_o$, respectively. It is given that do $d_o=2d_i$ and $G_i=3G_o$. When the shaft is twisted by application of a torque along the shaft axis, the maximum shear stress developed in the outer rim and the inner core turn out to be $\tau _o$ and $\tau _i$, respectively. All the deformations are in the elastic range and stress strain relations are linear. Then the ratio $\tau _i /\tau_o$ is ______ (round off to 2 decimal places).

 A 1.15 B 2.65 C 1.85 D 1.5
GATE ME 2022 SET-2      Bearings, Shafts and keys
Question 2 Explanation:
Given $G_i=3G_o, d_o=2d_i, l_i=l_o,\theta _i=\theta _o \text{ (It is a rigid joint)}$
Find $\frac{T_i}{T_o}=?$
\begin{aligned} \frac{T}{J}&=\frac{\tau }{r}=\frac{G\theta }{L}\\ \tau _{max}(\text{in core})&=\frac{G\theta \times r_{max}}{L}\\ &=\frac{G_i \times \theta _i \times \frac{d_i}{2}}{L_i}=\tau _i\\ \tau _{max}(\text{rim})&=\frac{G_o \times \theta _o\times \frac{d_o}{2} }{L_o}=\tau _o\\ \frac{T_i}{\tau _o}&=\frac{G_i \times \theta _i \times \frac{d_i}{2}}{L_i} \times \frac{L_o}{G_o \times \theta _o\times \frac{d_o}{2} }\\ \frac{T_i}{T_o}&=\frac{G_i}{G_o} \times \frac{d_i}{d_o}=3 \times \frac{1}{2}=1.5 \end{aligned}
 Question 3
A structural member under loading has a uniform state of plane stress which in usual notations is given by $\sigma _x=3P,\sigma _y=-2P,\tau _{xy}=\sqrt{2}P$, where $P \gt 0$. The yield strength of the material is 350 MPa. If the member is designed using the maximum distortion energy theory, then the value of $P$ at which yielding starts (according to the maximum distortion energy theory) is
 A 70 Mpa B 90 Mpa C 120 Mpa D 75 Mpa
GATE ME 2022 SET-2      Satic Dynamic Loading and Failure Theories
Question 3 Explanation:
Given,
$\sigma _x=3P$
$\sigma _y=-2P$
$\tau =\sqrt{2}P$
According to maximum distortion energy theory,
\begin{aligned} \sqrt{\sigma _x^2-\sigma _x\sigma _y+\sigma _y^2+3\tau _{xy}^2} &=\frac{S_{yt}}{FOS} \\ P\sqrt{3^2-3(-2)+(-2)^2+3(\sqrt{2})^2}&= \frac{350}{1}\\ P \times 5&=350 \\ P&=70\; MPa \end{aligned}
 Question 4
A bracket is attached to a vertical column by means of two identical rivets $U$ and $V$ separated by a distance of $2a = 100 mm$, as shown in the figure. The permissible shear stress of the rivet material is $50 MPa$. If a load $P = 10 kN$ is applied at an eccentricity $e=3\sqrt{7}a$, the minimum crosssectional area of each of the rivets to avoid failure is ___________ $mm^2$

.
 A $800$ B $25$ C $100 \sqrt{7}$ D $200$
GATE ME 2022 SET-1      Bolted, Riveted and Welded Joint
Question 4 Explanation:
The given load is eccentric lateral load which results in

(i) primary shear due to direct loading
(ii) secondary shear due to eccentricity

(i) Primary shear:
$F_p=\frac{F}{n}=\frac{10kN}{2}=5kN$
(ii) Secondary shear:
$F_s=\frac{m}{r_1^2+r_2^2} \times r =\frac{10 \times 3\sqrt{7}a}{a^2+a^2} \times a=15\sqrt{7}kN \; \; \; \; (\because a=50mm)$
Finding resultant: $R=\sqrt{F_p^2+F_s^2+2F_pF_s \cos \theta }$
Here, $\theta \text{ is }90^{\circ}$
As secondary load is same on both rivets. Both are critical due to loading.

$\therefore \;\;R_{max}=\sqrt{F_p^2+F_s^2}=\sqrt{5^2+(15\sqrt{7})^2}=40kN$
Design of Rivet: \begin{aligned} \tau _{max} &=\frac{S_{ys}}{FOS} \\ \frac{R_{max}}{A}&= \frac{50}{1}\\ \frac{40 \times 10^3}{A} &=50 \\ A&= 800 mm^2 \end{aligned}
As FOS is considered as 1, A represents the minimum cross section area required.
 Question 5
A square threaded screw is used to lift a load W by applying a force F. Efficiency of square threaded screw is expressed as
 A The ratio of work done by W per revolution to work done by F per revolution B W/F C F/W D The ratio of work done by F per revolution to work done by W per revolution
GATE ME 2022 SET-1      Bolted, Riveted and Welded Joint
Question 5 Explanation:
$\text{Screw efficiency}=\frac{\text{Work done by the applied force/rev}}{\text{Work done in lifting the load/rev}}$
Efficiency of screw jack $\eta =\frac{\tan \alpha }{\tan(\alpha +\phi )}$
Efficiency depends on helix angle and friction angle.
 Question 6
The figure shows the relationship between fatigue strength (S) and fatigue life (N) of a material. The fatigue strength of the material for a life of 1000 cycles is 450 MPa, while its fatigue strength for a life of $10^6$ cycles is 150 MPa.

The life of a cylindrical shaft made of this material subjected to an alternating stress of 200 MPa will then be cycles (round off to the nearest integer).
 A 163840 B 124589 C 365247 D 457812
GATE ME 2021 SET-2      Fatigue Strength and S-N Diagram
Question 6 Explanation:

Equation of line $A \bar{B}:$
\begin{aligned} y-y_{1} &=\frac{\left(y_{2}-y_{1}\right)}{\left(x_{2}-x_{1}\right)}\left[x-x_{1}\right] \\ \log _{10} 200-\log _{10} 450 &=\frac{\log _{10} 150-\log _{10} 450}{(6-3)}\left[\log _{10} N-3\right] \\ N &=163840.580 \text { cycles } \end{aligned}
 Question 7
The von Mises stress at a point in a body subjected to forces is proportional to the square root of the
 A total strain energy per unit volume B plastic strain energy per unit volume C dilatational strain energy per unit volume D distortional strain energy per unit volume
GATE ME 2021 SET-2      Satic Dynamic Loading and Failure Theories
Question 7 Explanation:
Condition for failure as per M.D.E.T.
Distortion energy per unit volume under tri-axial state of stress > Distortion energy per unit volume under uni-axial state of stress.
\begin{aligned} &\text { Hence, }\left(\frac{1+\mu}{6 E}\right)\left[\left(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(\sigma_{2}-\sigma_{3}\right)^{2}+\left(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3}\right)^{2}\right]>\left(\frac{1+\mu}{3 E}\right)\left(S_{y t}\right)^{2}\\ &\left(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(\sigma_{2}-\sigma_{3}\right)^{2}+\left(\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3}\right)^{2}>2\left(S_{y t}\right)^{2}\\ &\sqrt{\sigma_{1}^{2}+\sigma_{2}^{2}+\sigma_{3}^{2}+\sigma_{1} \sigma_{2}-\sigma_{2} \sigma_{3}-\sigma_{1} \sigma_{3}}>\left(S_{y t}\right) \text { (Von Mises effective stress) } \end{aligned}
$S_{y t} =$ Von Mises effective stress is defined as the uni-axial yield stress that would create same distortion energy created by the tri-axial state of stress.
 Question 8
A cantilever beam of rectangular cross-section is welded to a support by means of two fillet welds as shown in figure. A vertical load of 2 kN acts at free end of the beam.

Considering that the allowable shear stress in weld is 60 $N/mm^2$, the minimum size (leg) of the weld required is _______-mm (round off to one decimal place).
 A 6.6 B 2.8 C 4.6 D 8.2
GATE ME 2021 SET-1      Bolted, Riveted and Welded Joint
Question 8 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} \tau_{\max }=\frac{2 \times 10^{3}}{0.707 t(40) \times 2}&=\frac{35.36}{t} \mathrm{MPa} \\ \sigma_{\max }=\frac{M_{\max }}{I_{N A}} \cdot \tau_{\max } &=\frac{2000 \times 150 \times 20}{\frac{0.707 t(40)^{3} \times 2}{12}} \\ \sigma_{\max }&=\frac{795.615}{t} \mathrm{MPa}\\ \text { MSST, } \quad \sqrt{\sigma_{\max }^{2}+4 \tau^{2}} &\leq 2\left(\frac{S_{y s}}{N}\right)\\ \sqrt{\left(\frac{795.615}{t}\right)^{2}+4\left(\frac{35.36}{t}\right)^{2}} & \leq 2 \times 60 \\ \frac{798.752}{t} & \leq 2(60) \\ t &=6.65 \mathrm{~mm} \end{aligned}
 Question 9
A machine part in the form of cantilever beam is subjected to fluctuating load as shown in the figure. The load varies from 800 N to 1600 N. The modified endurance, yield and ultimate strengths of the material are 200 MPa, 500 MPa and 600 MPa, respectively.

The factor of safety of the beam using modified Goodman criterion is _______ (round off to one decimal place).
 A 1.2 B 2 C 2.5 D 2.9
GATE ME 2021 SET-1      Satic Dynamic Loading and Failure Theories
Question 9 Explanation:

A : Critical Point
\begin{aligned} \sigma_{\max , A} &=\sigma_{b, \max } \text { at } A \text { due to } 1600 \mathrm{~N}=\frac{6 \mathrm{M}}{b d^{2}}=\frac{6 \times 1600 \times 200}{12 \times(2 \sigma)^{2}} \\ \sigma_{\max } &=200 \mathrm{MPa} \\ \sigma_{\min , A} &=\sigma_{b, \max } \text { at } A \text { due to } 800 \mathrm{~N} \\ &=\frac{6 \times 800 \times 200}{12 \times(20)^{2}}=100 \mathrm{MPa} \\ \text { Modified Goodman } &=\frac{\sigma_{m}}{S_{y t}}+\frac{\sigma_{a}}{\sigma_{e}} \leq \frac{1}{N} \\ \sigma_{m} &=\left|\frac{\sigma_{\max }+\sigma_{\min }}{2}\right|=150 \mathrm{MPa} \\ \sigma_{a} &=\left|\frac{\sigma_{\max }-\sigma_{\min }}{2}\right|=50 \mathrm{MPa} \\ \frac{150}{600}+\frac{50}{200} & \leq \frac{1}{N} \\ N & \leq 2 \\ N & \approx 2\\ \text { Langer, } \qquad \frac{\sigma_{m}}{S_{y t}}+\frac{\sigma_{a}}{S_{y t}} & \leq \frac{1}{N} \\ \frac{150}{500}+\frac{50}{500} & \leq \frac{1}{N} \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad (N\leq2.5)\\ N &=2.5 \end{aligned}
Modified Goodman = Safe result of [Goodman or Langer]
 Question 10
A short shoe drum (radius 260 mm) brake is shown in the figure. A force of 1 kN is applied to the lever. The coefficient of friction is 0.4.

The magnitude of the torque applied by the brake is ________N.m (round off to one decimal place).
 A 150 B 175 C 200 D 250
GATE ME 2021 SET-1      Brakes and Clutches
Question 10 Explanation:

Taking moment about 'O'
\begin{aligned} R_{N}(500)+F_{\gamma}[310-260] &-1000 \times 1000=0 \\ R_{N}(500)+0.4\left(R_{N}\right)(50) &-1000 \times 1000=0 \\ R_{N} &=1923.076 \mathrm{~N} \\ F_{r} &=\mu R_{N}=769.23 \mathrm{~N} \\ T_{f} &=F_{r} \times R=200 \mathrm{~N}-\mathrm{m} \end{aligned}

There are 10 questions to complete.

### 2 thoughts on “Machine Design”

1. NYC approach

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2. question 101 ans is worng

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