Question 1
Wien's law is stated as follows: $\lambda _mT=C$, where $C$ is 2898 $\mu mK$ and $\lambda _m$ is the wavelength at which the emissive power of a black body is maximum for a given temperature $T$. The spectral hemispherical emissivity $(\varepsilon _ \lambda)$ of a surface is shown in the figure below ($1\mathring{A}=10^{-10}m$). The temperature at which the total hemispherical emissivity will be highest is __________ K (round off to the nearest integer).

 A 4210 B 6520 C 3650 D 4830
GATE ME 2022 SET-2   Heat Transfer
Question 1 Explanation:
From the figure we can say that at $6000 \mathring{A}$ wavelength total hemispherical emissivity is maximum
$\lambda _m=6000 \mathring{A} =0.6\mu m$
Wein's law
$\lambda _m T=C$
$\lambda _m T=2898 \mu mK$
$T=\frac{2898}{0.6}=4830K$
Note: In this question, we need to find temperature at which total hemispherical emissivity will be highest.
But to calculate total hemispherical emissivity we require additional data like function chart and emissivity value at particular wavelength.
With the use of Wein's law we can find out temperature at which spectral emissivity is highest but in question it is asked temperature for total hemispherical emissivity.
 Question 2
A flat plate made of cast iron is exposed to a solar flux of $600 W/m^2$ at an ambient temperature of $25 ^{\circ}C$. Assume that the entire solar flux is absorbed by the plate. Cast iron has a low temperature absorptivity of 0.21. Use Stefan-Boltzmann constant $= 5.669 \times 10^{-8} W/m^2-K^4$. Neglect all other modes of heat transfer except radiation. Under the aforementioned conditions, the radiation equilibrium temperature of the plate is __________ $^{\circ}C$ (round off to the nearest integer).
 A 491.34 B 583.36 C 965.24 D 218.34
GATE ME 2022 SET-1   Heat Transfer
Question 2 Explanation:

Equilibrium Temperature $=T_S=?$
In this it is mentioned that entire flux is absorbed by the plate it means for solar flux absorptivity is 1. Kirchoff's law $\alpha =\varepsilon =0.21$
Surface of cast iron and surrounding fluid temperature difference is small due to this we can use Kirchoff's law
At equilibrium condition
Energy absorbed = Energy leaving
\begin{aligned} \alpha GA&=\varepsilon A\sigma (T_S^4-T_\infty ^4)\\ 1 \times 600 &=0.21 \times 5.669 \times 10^{-8}(T_S^4-298^4)\\ T_S&=491.34K\\ T_S&=218.34^{\circ}C\\ T_S&=218^{\circ}C \end{aligned}
 Question 3
A solid sphere of radius 10 mm is placed at the centroid of a hollow cubical enclosure of side length 30 mm. The outer surface of the sphere is denoted by 1 and the inner surface of the cube is denoted by 2. The view factor $F_{22}$ for radiation heat transfer is ________ (rounded off to two decimal places).
 A 0.12 B 0.45 C 0.88 D 0.77
GATE ME 2021 SET-1   Heat Transfer
Question 3 Explanation:

\begin{aligned} r_{1} &=10 \mathrm{~mm} \\ A_{1} &=4 \pi r_{1}^{2} \\ A_{2} &=6 \times\left(30^{2}\right) \\ F_{12} &=1 \\ A_{1} F_{12} &=A_{2} F_{21} \quad \Rightarrow \quad F_{21}=\frac{A_{1}}{A_{2}}=\frac{4 \pi \times(10)^{2}}{6 \times(30)^{2}}=0.2327 \\ F_{22} &=1-F_{21}=0.7672 \simeq 0.77 \end{aligned}
 Question 4
The spectral distribution of radiation from a black body at $T_1$=3000 K has a maximum at wavelength$\lambda _{max}$. The body cools down to a temperature $T_2$. If the wavelength corresponding to the maximum of the spectral distribution at $T_2$ is 1.2 times of the original wavelength $\lambda _{max}$, then the temperature $T_2$ is ________ K (round off to the nearest integer).
 A 3000 B 4500 C 2500 D 1800
GATE ME 2020 SET-2   Heat Transfer
Question 4 Explanation:
From Wien's Displacement law,
\begin{aligned} \lambda_{m} T &=\text { constant } \Rightarrow \lambda_{m 1} T_{1}=\lambda_{m 2} T_{2} \\ \lambda_{m 1} \times 3000 &=1.2 \lambda_{m 1} \times T_{2} \\ T_{2} &=\left(\frac{3000}{1.2}\right) K=2500 K \end{aligned}
 Question 5
Three sets of parallel plates LM, NR and PQ are given in Figures 1, 2 and 3.The view factor $F_{IJ}$ is defined as the fraction of radiation leaving plate-I that is intercepted by plate-J. Assume that the values of $F_{LM} \; and \; F_{NR}$ are 0.8 and 0.4, respectively. The value of $F_{PQ}$(round off to one decimal place) is ______.
 A 0.2 B 0.4 C 0.6 D 0.8
GATE ME 2019 SET-2   Heat Transfer
Question 5 Explanation:

$\begin{array}{l} \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{LM}}=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{a}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{b}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{c}}=0.8-\mathrm{c}\ldots(1) \\ \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{R}}=0.4 \end{array}$
From the figure,
$\begin{array}{l} \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{a}}=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{c}}=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{e}}(\text { similar }) \\ \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{b}}=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{R}}(\text { similar }) \end{array}$
From equation (1)
$\begin{array}{l} \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{a}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{b}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{c}}=0.8 \\ 2 \times \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{a}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{R}}=0.8 \\ \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{a}}=\frac{0.8-0.4}{2}=0.2 \end{array}$
From the fig -3
\begin{aligned} \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{Q}}&=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{d}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{e}} =\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{R}}+\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{a}} \\ (\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{d}}&=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{R}} \text{ and } \mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{e}}=\mathrm{F}_{\mathrm{L}-\mathrm{a}}(\text { due to similarity })) \\ &=0.4+0.2\\ F_{P-Q}&=0.6 \end{aligned}
 Question 6
Sphere-1 with a diameter of 0.1 m is completely enclosed by another sphere-2 of diameter 0.4 m. The view factor $F_{12}$ is
 A 0.0625 B 0.25 C 0.5 D 1
GATE ME 2019 SET-2   Heat Transfer
Question 6 Explanation:

Given data:
$\mathrm{d}_{1}=0.1 \mathrm{m}$
$\mathrm{d}_{2}=0.4 \mathrm{m}$
$\mathrm{F}_{1-1}=0$ (from the geometry)
$\mathrm{F}_{1-1}+\mathrm{F}_{1-2}=1$
$\mathrm{F}_{1-2}=1$
 Question 7
The peak wavelength of radiation emitted by a black body at a temperature of 2000 K is 1.45 $\mu$m. If the peak wavelength of emitted radiation changes to 2.90 $\mu$m, then the temperature (in K) of the black body is
 A 500 B 1000 C 4000 D 8000
GATE ME 2018 SET-2   Heat Transfer
Question 7 Explanation:
From Wein's displacement law
For black body,
\begin{aligned} \lambda_{M} T &=\text { constant } \\ \lambda_{M 1} T_{1} &=\lambda_{M 2} T_{2} \\ 1.45 \times 2000 &=\lambda_{M 2} T_{2}=2.90 \times T_{2} \\ \therefore \quad T_{2} &=\left(\frac{1.45}{2.90} \times 2000\right)=1000 \mathrm{K} \end{aligned}
 Question 8
The emissive power of a blackbody is P. If its absolute temperature is doubled, the emissive power becomes
 A 2P B 4P C 8P D 16P
GATE ME 2017 SET-2   Heat Transfer
Question 8 Explanation:
$E_{b} \propto T^{4}$(Stefan Boltzmann Law of Radiation)
$\frac{E_{b_{2}}}{E_{b_{1}}}=\left(\frac{2 T}{T}\right)^{4} \Rightarrow E_{b_{2}}=16 P$
 Question 9
Two black surfaces, AB and BC, of lengths 5m and 6m, respectively, are oriented as shown. Both surfaces extend infinitely into the third dimension. Given that view factor $F_{12}=0.5$,$T_{1}=800K$,$T_{2}=600K$ , $T_{surrounding} =300K$, and Stefan Boltzmann constant, $\sigma =5.67\,\times\,10^{-8}W/(m^{2}K^{4})$, the heat transfer rate from Surface 2 to the surrounding environment is ____________ kW.
 A 12.85 B 13.77 C 15.23 D 17.33
GATE ME 2017 SET-1   Heat Transfer
Question 9 Explanation:
F^{12} =0.5

\begin{aligned} T_{1} &=800 \mathrm{K} \\ T_{2} &=600 \mathrm{K} \\ T_{\text {surounding }} &=300 \mathrm{K} \end{aligned}
Let (3) denote the surrounding environment
(Assume unit width perpendicular to plane of Fig.)
From summation rule:
\begin{aligned} F_{21}+F_{\beta 2}^{0}+F_{23} &=1 \\ A_{1} F_{12} &=A_{2} F_{21}=6 \times 1 \times 0.5 \\ &=(5 \times 1) \times F_{21} \\ F_{21} &=\frac{6 \times 0.5}{5}=0.6\\ \therefore \quad F_{23}&=1-F_{21}=0.4 \end{aligned}
since surrounding environment being large,
No surface has a surface resistance.

Heat transfer rate from (2) and (3)$=\frac{E_{b_{2}}-E_{b_{3}}}{\frac{1}{A_{2} F_{23}}}$
\begin{aligned} &=\frac{\sigma\left(T_{2}^{4}-T_{3}^{4}\right)}{1} \\ &=\frac{5.67 \times 10^{-8}\left(600^{4}-300^{4}\right)}{A_{2} F_{23}} \text { watt/metre }\\ &=13.778 \mathrm{kW} / \mathrm{metre} \\ \end{aligned}
Assume that heat exchange is per unit width perpendicular to plane of figure
 Question 10
Two large parallel plates having a gap of 10 mm in between them are maintained at temperatures T1 = 1000 K and T2 = 400 K. Given emissivity values, $\varepsilon{1}=0.5$ , $\varepsilon_{2}=0.25$ and Stefan-Boltzmann constant $\sigma= 5.67 \times 10^{-8} W/m^{2}-K^{4}$, the heat transfer between the plates (in kW/$m^{2}$) is __________ _________
 A 11.05 B 56.54 C 45.54 D 65.32
GATE ME 2016 SET-3   Heat Transfer
Question 10 Explanation:

\begin{aligned} Q &=\frac{\sigma\left[T_{1}^{4}-T_{2}^{4}\right]}{\frac{1}{\epsilon_{1}}+\frac{1}{\epsilon_{2}}-1}=\frac{5.67 \times 10^{-8} \times\left(1000^{4}-400^{4}\right)}{\frac{1}{0.5}+\frac{1}{0.25}-1} \\ &=11049.7 \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}=11.05 \mathrm{kW} / \mathrm{m}^{2} \end{aligned}
There are 10 questions to complete.