Stress-strain Relationship and Elastic Constants

Tensile Strength: The tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength (UTS), is the maximum load obtained in a tensile test, divided by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
\sigma _u=\frac{P_{max}}{A_o}
where, \sigma _u= Ultimate tensile strength, kg/mm^2
P_{max}= Maximum load obtained in a tensile test, kg
A_o= Original cross-sectional area of gauge length of the test piece, mm^2
The tensile strength is a very familiar property and widely used for identification of a material. It is very easy to determine and is a quite reproducible property. It is used for the purposes of specifications and for quality control of a product. Tensile strength can be empirically correlated to other properties such as hardness and fatigue strength. For brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid criterion for design.

(c) Wrong : Maximum shear stress theory good for ductile material.
(d) If shear force = 0, M = C, But elastic curve is always non-linear.

\begin{aligned} E &=200 \mathrm{GPa} \\ \sigma &=250 \mathrm{MPa} \\ \mu &=0.3 \\ \epsilon_{x} &=\epsilon_{y}=\epsilon_{z}=\frac{\delta a}{a} \\ \frac{1}{E}\left[\sigma_{x}-\mu\left(\sigma_{y}+\sigma_{z}\right)\right] &=\frac{(\delta a)}{a} \\ \left(\frac{-\sigma}{E}\right)(1-2 \mu)&=\frac{\delta a}{a}\\ \delta a &=-\frac{(250)(1-0.6)(200)}{200 \times 10^{3}} \\ \delta a &=(-) 0.10 \mathrm{~mm} \end{aligned}
Reduction in side of cube is 0.10mm.

\begin{aligned} &\mathrm{d}=1.0 \mathrm{mm}\\ &\mathrm{y}_{\max }=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{2}=\frac{1.0}{2}=0.5 \mathrm{mm}\\ &\mathrm{R}=1.0 \mathrm{m}=1000 \mathrm{mm}\\ &\mathrm{E}=100 \mathrm{GPa}=100 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{MPa}\\ &\text { From bending equation, } \frac{\mathrm{f}_{\max }}{\mathrm{y}_{\max }}=\frac{\mathrm{E}}{\mathrm{R}}\\ &\mathrm{f}_{\max }=\mathrm{y}_{\max } \cdot \frac{\mathrm{E}}{\mathrm{R}}\\ &=0.5 \times \frac{100 \times 10^{3}}{1000}=50 \mathrm{MPa}\\ &\therefore \mathrm{f}_{\max }=50 \mathrm{MPa} \end{aligned}

\begin{array}{l} \sigma_{x}=100 \mathrm{MPa}, \sigma_{y y}=220 \mathrm{MPa}, \tau_{x y}=80 \mathrm{MPa} \\ S_{y t}=468 \mathrm{MPa}, \mathrm{F.S.}=?(\mathrm{MSST}) \\ \sigma_{1, 2}=\frac{\sigma_{x}+\sigma_{y}}{2} \pm \sqrt{\left(\frac{\sigma_{x}-\sigma_{y}}{2}\right)^{2}+\left(\tau_{x y}\right)^{2}} \\ =\frac{100+220}{2} \pm \sqrt{\left(\frac{100-220}{2}\right)^{2}+80^{2}} \\ \sigma_{1}=257.08 \mathrm{MPa}, \sigma_{2}=62.9 \mathrm{MPa}, \sigma_{3}=0 \end{array}
According to maximum shear stress theory,
\begin{array}{l} \tau_{\max }=\frac{S_{y t}}{2 \times F S}=\operatorname{Max}\left[\left|\frac{\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{2}}{2}\right|,\left|\frac{\sigma_{1}}{2}\right|,\left|\frac{\sigma_{2}}{2}\right|\right]\\ \tau_{\max }=\frac{257.08}{2}=128.54 \mathrm{MPa} \\ 128.54=\frac{468}{2 \times \mathrm{FS}} \\ \mathrm{FS}=1.78 \end{array}

\tan \theta=\frac{4}{3}

\begin{aligned} \theta &=53.13^{\circ} \\ 2 \theta &=106.26^{\circ} \\ \cos 2 \theta &=-0.27999 \\ \sin 2 \theta &=0.96 \end{aligned}
Normal strain on a oblique plane (i.e. RP) inclined
at an angle (\theta) is given by
\begin{aligned} \left(\varepsilon_{n}\right)_{\theta}=& \frac{1}{2}\left[\varepsilon_{x}+\varepsilon_{y}\right]+\frac{1}{2}\left[\varepsilon_{x}-\varepsilon_{y}\right] \cos 2 \theta \\ & +\left(\frac{\gamma x y}{2}\right) \sin 2 \theta \\ =& \frac{1}{2}[0.001+0.002]+\frac{1}{2}[0.001-0.002] \\ &[-0.27999]+\left(\frac{0.003}{2}\right)(0.96) \\ &\left(\varepsilon_{n}\right)_{\theta=53.13^{\circ}}=0.00308 & \\ =& \frac{\text { Change in length of diagonal }}{\text { Original length of diagonal }}=0.00308 \end{aligned}
Hence, change in length of diagonal
=(0.00308) 5=0.0154 \mathrm{mm}
deformed length of diagonal
=5+0.0154=5.0154 \mathrm{mm}

Ultimate tensile strength represents the max. stress that a material can withstand without fracture.

Safe condition for design as per von-Mises criterion,
\sigma_{1}^{2}+\sigma_{2}^{2}-\sigma_{1} \sigma_{2} \leq\left(\frac{S_{y t}}{N}\right)^{2}
When yielding occurs, N=1
\begin{array}{r} \sigma_{1}^{2}+\sigma_{2}^{2}-\sigma_{1} \sigma_{2}=\left(S_{y t}\right)^{2} \\ (180)^{2}+(-100)^{2}-(180)(-100)=\left(S_{y t}\right)^{2} \\ S_{t y}=245.7641 \mathrm{MPa} \end{array}

For perfectly incompressible material, poisson's ratio =0.5
(if change in vol. should be zero, \mu=0.5)